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A Warrior Society Ruled By Women? An Introduction to the Politics of Ancient Sparta
In the popular imagination, Sparta is often portrayed as the antithesis of Athenian democracy: a militarized, rigidly hierarchical state ruling an austere society. But the truth of Spartan government and politics is more complicated—and more instructive.
The First Democracy: An Introduction to Athenian Demokratia
In 508 BCE, visionary statesman Cleisthenes formally declared all freeborn Athenians to be citizens, giving them unprecedented power and a new sense of civic unity. Thus began the world’s first known democracy — an experiment in government by direct popular participation.